The Basics

Electricity consists out of two parts.

Magnetism (expanding)

Dielectricity (contracting)

Magnetism is, well, magnetism, like the magnetic poles of our earth 🌍.
Dielectricity is like atmospheric stress, for example, the stress that causes lightning ⚡️.

Both of these represent stored energy, and both are measured in the dimension of space 📐.
So we are calling these the magnetic field and the dielectric field respectively.
Note that both of these consist out of these things called “lines of force”.

Exhibit A, magnetism.
Exhibit B, dielectricity.

The product of these fields gives us the electric field Q.

-- Phi :: The greek letter, Φ, amount of magnetic lines of force
-- Psi :: The greek letter, Ψ, amount of dielectric lines of force

Q = Phi * Psi

Variation & Effects

Changing these fields creates an effect.

Φt

Magnetic effect The time rate of the production or consumption
of magnetic lines of force

(Volts)

Ψt

Dielectric effect The time rate of the production or consumption
of dielectric lines of force

(Amperes)

We can change these fields by:

Varying the size of the field
Varying the containment of the field
Rotating the field

The product of these effects gives us the electrical activity, or power, in Watts.

-- E = Phi / t :: Magnetic effect
-- I = Psi / t :: Dielectric effect

P = E * I

Consequently, there is also the varying of the entire electric field, that’s energy, in Joules.

W = Q / t

Constructors & Storages

The chicken or the egg.

From the dielectric I to the From the magnetic E to the

Magnetic constructor

(Amperes)

Dielectric constructor

(Volts)

The two parts of electricity help each other. An effect becomes a constructor for the other field. That is, a magnetic effect is required to construct a dielectric field, and a dielectric effect is required to construct a magnetic field.

e = E = Phi / t       -- in Volts
i = I = Psi / t       -- in Amperes

Note that you can also use the power equation with these values,
because these are also volts and amperes.

P = E * i             -- Magnetic activity in Watts
P = I * e             -- Dielectric activity in Watts

Because E and i are required to coexist in order to build up the magnetic field, and I and e to build up the dielectric field. We can say that it requires power to build up the magnetic and the dielectric fields, but it is not required to maintain these fields. Because power only appears when something is changing.

Sidenote: There's also P = e * i. So in total we have four electrical activities,
and thus shows the four-polar form of electricity. More on that later.

So how much can we store?

For this we have our storage coefficients.

Φi

Magnetic storage The ability to store magnetism

(Henries)

Ψe

Dielectric storage The ability to store dielectricity

(Farads)

There are specific ways to calculate the storage coefficients. These are just the generalized formulae to represent them. In practical terms, these depend on a few things: the position of the conductor in space, the material filling the space surrounding the conductor and on the shape of the conductor section.

-- Magnetic Storage
--
-- n :: number of turns (or in other words, inter-linkages between `i` and `Phi`)
-- σ :: effective permeability of the magnetic field
-- A :: sectional area of the magnetic induction, in centimeter square

L = (n ^ 2) * σ * A

-- Dielectric Storage
--
-- l :: length of the dielectric (eg. space between capacitor plates)
-- ε :: constant of the material surrounding the conductor, permittivity
-- A :: area of the conducting surface

C = (ε * A) / l

Circuit example

We have a simple circuit with a lamp and a coil
We also have a permanent magnet which has a magnetic field
We move magnet along the coil
A magnetic effect is generated upon the conductor
(the copper wire of the circuit/coil)
This magnetic effect becomes a dielectric constructor
(meaning that dielectric field of the circuit increases in size)
Because the dielectric field changes, a dielectric effect is generated
The dielectric effect becomes a magnetic constructor
(meaning that magnetic field of the circuit increases in size)
We now have stored energy in the magnetic and dielectric fields
The lamp can use this stored energy, and so we have light 💡

Circuit elements

Conductor
Insulation

Transients

The intermediate effect between two permanent conditions.

Or in other words, stored energy increases or decreases exponentially. This exponential curve is a transient. Transients occur in all types of energy. For example, things heating up or cooling down. In electricity there are generally two types of transients. One is called a single-energy transient and the other is a double-energy transient. Which basically means that sometimes one field is so small that it isn’t worth measuring (single-energy) and other times it is worth measuring (double-energy).

It’s best explained with examples, the first one is in part 3 of the basics.

Losses

Energy that leaks out of the storage.

Magnetic loss Molecular loss in the conductor, or apparent magnetic loss

(Ohms)

Dielectric loss Molecular loss in the insulation, or apparent dielectric loss

(Siemens)

For each field there are two categories of losses we care about:

The molecular loss
The apparent loss, which indicates the total loss
(includes additional losses like hysteresis, mutual induction, etc)

Molecular loss

Magnetic field

-- Molecular loss in the conductor
----------------------------------
-- ρ :: resistivity of the conductor material
-- l :: length of the conductor/wire
-- A :: section/area of the wire

R = ρ * (l / A)

Dielectric field

-- Molecular loss in the insulation
-----------------------------------
-- σ :: conductivity of the conductor material
-- l :: length of the conductor/wire
-- A :: section/area of the wire

R = σ * (A / l)